ABSTRACT
Heparin resistance is becoming a hot issue of clinical concern. In critically ill patients, heparin resistance can lead to failure of anticoagulation therapy or increase the risk of major bleeding. Prompt recognition of heparin resistance can help to precisely adjust heparin dosage and avoid deterioration and adverse events. Heparin resistance can be mechanistically classified into the antithrombin-mediated and the non-antithrombin-mediated. Common etiologies include heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, severe infections such as severe COVID-19, treatment with extracorporeal circulation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and use of factor Xa reversal agents; heparin resistance is now often identified by the concordance of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) ratio with anti-FXa. Common clinical management strategies include antithrombin supplementation and replacement of anticoagulant drugs (e.g., direct thrombin inhibitors), but their safety and efficacy still need to be further validated.